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1. Perfluorochemical-based oxygen therapeutics, contrast agents, and beyond 
By Krafft, Marie Pierre; Riess, Jean G. 
Edited by Tressaud, Alain; Haufe, Guenter 
From Fluorine and Health (2008), 447-486. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53086-8.00011-4 
A review. Perfluorocarbons display outstanding chem. and biol. inertness, and intense hydrophobic and lipophobic effects. The latter effects provide a powerful, yet labile, noncovalent binding interaction that can promote selective self-assembly. Perfluoro compds. do not mimic nature, yet they can offer abiotic building blocks for the de novo design of functional biopolymers. They offer new tags useful for mol. recognition, selective sorting, and templated binding (e.g., selective peptide and nucleic acid pairing). They also stabilize membranes and provide micro- and nanocompartmented fluorous environments. Perfluorocarbons provide inert, apolar carrier fluids for lab-on-a-chip expts. and assays using microfluidic technologies. Low water soly., combined with high vapor pressure, allows stabilization of injectable microbubbles that serve as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound (US) imaging. Several such agents are com. available. High gas solubilities are the basis for an abiotic means for intravascular oxygen delivery. A fluorocarbon emulsion that is intended for preventing organ ischemia during surgery and as a blood substitute is in advanced clin. trials. Other biomedical applications of fluorocarbons include lung-surfactant replacement and ophthalmol. aids. Diverse colloids with fluorocarbon phases and/or shells are being investigated for mol. imaging using US or magnetic resonance, and for targeted drug delivery. Highly fluorinated polymers provide a range of inert materials (e.g., fluorosilicons, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) for contact lenses, reconstructive surgery (e.g., vascular grafts) and other devices.
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2. Composite membranes for high temperature direct methanol fuel cells 
By Arico, Antonino S.; Baglio, Vincenzo; Antonucci, Vincenzo 
Edited by Peinemann, Klaus-Viktor; Pereira Nunes, Suzana 
From Membrane Technology (2008), 2, 123-167. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review. The effect of the surface acid-base properties of the inorg. filler was assessed through NMR anal. of two composite membranes contg. an acidic (SiO2) and a basic (Al2O3) ceramic oxide. It was found that acid-base properties of the inorg. oxides were indicated by the no. (concn.) and strength of functional groups present on their surface and that the acid-base behavior of the oxide filler plays a key role in detg. the electrochem. properties. The data generally suggest that proper tailoring of the surface acid-base properties of the inorg. filler for application in composite Nafion membranes allows appropriate direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operation at high temps. and with reduced pressures.
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3. Recent advances in functional fluoropolymers for fuel cell membranes 
By Souzy, R.; Boyer, C.; David, G.; Kostov, G.; Ameduri, B. 
From ECS Transactions (2007), 11(1, Part 1, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 7, Part 1), 15-26. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1149/1.2780910 
A review (15 refs.). Novel fluorinated copolymers based on vinylidene fluoride (VDF) were synthesized by iodine transfer copolymn. with hexafluoropropene (HFP) and α-trifluoromethacrylic acid (MAF), either in soln. or in emulsion without any surfactant. α,ω-Diiodoperfluoroalkanes were used as the chain transfer agents (CTAs) and acted as interesting labels in 19F NMR to assess the mol. wts. of the resulting terpolymers. According to the CTA concns. in feed, mol. wts. were ranging from 2,000 to 220,000 g/mol. Chem. modification of these fluorinated terpolymers led to original functionalized copolymers contg. either sulfonic acid or benzimidazole functions which were processed into membranes for fuel cells, the properties of which were investigated.
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4. Analysis of fuel-cell electrolytes 
By Sakiyama, Yoko 
From Hyomen Gijutsu (2007), 58(3), 157-161. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS 
A review on properties and structural anal. of Nafion (perfluorosulfonic acid polymer), e.g., chem. structure anal. by Raman spectroscopy and solid-state 19F-NMR, cluster structure anal. by DSC, anal. of decompd. products by mass spectroscopy.
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5. Solid-state NMR characterization of polymer materials 
By Miyoshi, Toshikazu; Kaji, Hironori 
From Kobunshi (2006), 55(9), 744-749. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS 
A review on solid-state NMR characterization of morphol. and dynamics of polymers such as polyacrylonitrile, fluoropolymers, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), block copolymer nanocomposites.
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6. Weak noncovalent Si···F-C interactions stabilized fluoroalkylated rod-like polysilanes as ultrasensitive chemosensors 
By Saxena, Anubhav; Rai, Roopali; Kim, Sun-Young; Fujiki, Michiya; Naito, Masanobu; Okoshi, Kento; Kwak, Giseop 
From Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry (2006), 44(17), 5060-5075. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1002/pola.21607 
A review describes several spectroscopic evidences for through-space very weak Si...F-C interaction in rod-like poly(methyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilane) at room temp. This work highlights the role of cooperative and weak Si.F-C interactions in controlling the desired conformation of polysilane by the choice of mol. wt. and solvent. The contribution of such intramol. interactions to fix into the helical conformation was supported by variation in UV, PL, NMR (29Si and 19F), IR spectra, and viscometric measurements. This weak Si.. F-C interaction may potentially be exploited for the strategic design of new mol., supramol., and polymeric architectures. Recently, new types of nonclassical weak interactions, such as C-H···π, C-H···F-C, and C-H···O, have been exploited in stabilizing the specific conformations of mols. and mol. assemblies in the solid state. These noncovalent interactions play an important role in materials comprised of polymer chains, because cooperative effects from a large no. of weak interactions can lead to drastic changes in its conformation, several properties, and functionalities. The programmed design of synthetic helical polymer with well-defined mol. conformation has been the main subject in modern polymer science and engineering. Silicon-catenated polysilane is an ideal helical silicon quantum wire and polymers with unique photophys. properties.
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7. Sorption and transport of F- and H-containing organic vapors in amorphous perfluorinated polymers 
By Yampolskii, Yuri; Belov, Nikolai; Tokarev, Andrei; Bondarenko, Galina 
From Desalination (2006), 199(1-3), 469-470. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.108 
A review. A survey is given on unusual properties of amorphous perfluorinated polymers obsd. in recent studies. First, structural investigations are addressed using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, 129Xe-NMR spectroscopy, inverse gas chromatog., and DFT calcns. Next, the thermodn. of sorption of vapors of fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons on perfluorinated polymers is treated. The glassy and rubbery perfluorinated polymers behave similarly. The fluorocarbons exhibit a higher soly. in the perfluorinated matrix than the hydrocarbons. Then, sorption and diffusion anomalies in the strongly hydrophobic AF2400 polymer with H-bond-forming penetrants are briefly discussed. Finally, the high permeability and good film forming properties of amorphous Teflon AF are mentioned allowing to fabricate hollow-fiber composite membranes with a high permeance for O2.
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8. Crosslinking of vinylidene fluoride-containing fluoropolymers 
By Taguet, A.; Ameduri, B.; Boutevin, B. 
From Advances in Polymer Science (2005), 184(Crosslinking in Materials Science), 127-211. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1007/b136245 
A review. Fluoropolymers are well-known for their good properties in terms of chem., thermal and elec. stabilities, inertness to acids, bases, solvents and oils, and high resistance to ageing and oxidn. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is useful as a homopolymer endowed with interesting characteristics. It contains a high crystallinity rate, but is base sensitive. In addn., VDF can be co- or terpolymd. with several fluorinated monomers, rendering them suitable as elastomers and various examples of synthesis of VDF-copolymers are also presented. This review also focusses on binary and tertiary systems contg. VDF. Several curing systems for these VDF-contg. copolymers have been investigated, esp. diamines and their derivs., arom. polyhydroxy compds., peroxides with coagents, such as triallylisocyanurate, radiations, and thiol-ene systems. The best vulcanizate properties are obtained by a two-step process. First, the material is press cured at different times and temps., then, it is post cured in air or under nitrogen at higher temp. and time, and under atm. pressure. Poly(VDF-co-HFP) copolymers can react with primary, secondary or tertiary monoamines, but they are mainly crosslinked by diamines such as hexamethylene diamine (HMDA), their carbamates (HMDA-C), and derivs. A mechanism of crosslinking is identified by IR and 19F NMR spectroscopies, and was evidenced to proceed in three main steps. First, a VDF unit undergoes a dehydrofluorination in the presence of the diamine, then the Michael addn. occurs onto the double bonds to form crosslinking, while HF is eliminated from crosslinks in the presence of HF scavengers. The crosslinking mechanism with bisphenols takes place also in three main steps (dehydrofluorination, then substitution of a fluorine atom by a bisphenol, and elimination of HF). The most efficient crosslinking bisphenol is bisphenol AF. A fluoropolymer crosslinked with peroxide/coagent systems needs to be functionalized or halogenated to insure a free radical attack from peroxide. The peroxide is introduced with a coagent that enhances the crosslinking efficiency, and the most efficient one is triallylisocyanurate (TAIC). The crosslinking mechanism of the peroxide/triallylisocyanurate system proceeds in three main steps. The crosslinking reaction occurs from a macroradical arising from the functional or halogenated polymer which is added onto the three double bonds of the TAIC. A fourth way to crosslink VDF-based fluoropolymers deals with high energy radiation, such as X and γ (60Co or 137Cs)-rays, and charged particles (β-particles and electrons). Three different reactions are possible after irradn. of a PVDF, and the one that leads to crosslinking is the recombination between two macroradicals. The irradn. dose used on the VDF-based copolymer has an influence on the thermal and mech. properties. Finally, a crosslinking system also used to vulcanizate hydrogenated elastomers concerns a thiol-ene system which requires a mercapto function born by the VDF-based polymer. Crosslinking occurs via a non-conjugated diene. The mech. properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, elongation modulus, compression set resistance ...) of the three main crosslinking systems of fluoroelastomers are compared. Finally, the main applications of crosslinked VDF-based fluoropolymers are summarized which include tubing in the aircraft building industry, sealing, tube or irregular-profile items of any dimension, films with good adhesion to metallic or rigid surfaces, multilayer insulator systems for elec. conductors, captors, sensors, and detectors, and membranes for electrochem. applications.
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9. Selective NMR pulse sequences for the study of solid hydrogen-containing fluoropolymers 
By Ando, Shinji; Harris, Robin K.; Hazendonk, Paul; Wormald, Philip 
From Macromolecular Rapid Communications (2005), 26(5), 345-356. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400517 
A review. Fluorine-19 NMR spectra of solids have some special features, which are discussed in this article. In particular, they generally contain two abundant spin baths (protons and fluorine nuclei). This situation throws up some special operational requirements, as does the study of heterogeneous samples. The relaxation characteristics of heterogeneous systems, which are briefly described herein, frequently permit the use of specific pulse sequences to obtain subspectra for individual components. Various possible selective sequences for use in fluorinated heterogeneous org. solids are listed and their actions rationalized on the basis of mol. mobility. Semicryst. hydrogen-contg. fluoropolymers form esp. suitable systems for such operations, and in order to understand their domain structures it is essential to obtain subspectra of the amorphous and cryst. domains. Examples are given of the use of selective pulse sequences for studying fluoropolymers, esp. for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and the copolymer P(VDF75/TrFE25) (TrFE=trifluoroethylene).
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10. Types of Inorganic Fluorocarbon Polymer Materials and Structure-Property Correlation Problems 
By Mitkin, V. N. 
From Journal of Structural Chemistry (Translation of Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii) (2003), 44(1), 82-115. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review. The paper reviews published data on the structure and compn. of 2 large classes of inorg. polymer fluorocarbon materials (IP FCMs), including high-temp. (HT) and low-temp. (LT) modifications of graphite fluorides and fluorographite-like compds. CFx (x = 0.5 - 1.12) and CF1+y (y = 0.08 - 1.33) and intercalated fluorographite compds. (IFGCs) based on CxF (x < 2) matrixes. According to X-ray diffraction data, C1s and F1s XPS, 13C and 19F NMR, CKα and FKα X-ray spectroscopy, and IR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as MNDO calcns., the structure of monolayers and the properties of IP FCMs of C2F - CF1+y compn. depend on the combination of C(sp3) - F fragments bonded to the sp2 fragments of the starting carbon matrixes. The structure of high-temp. CF1+y is specified by the presence of structurally isolated external and internal C(sp3)F2 groups located on the boundaries of C(sp3) - F skeleton monolayers and in the holes of their nanostructures, resp. The enthalpy of formation of HT FCMs does not depend on the type of starting carbon material and is linearly proportional to the F/C at. ratio; C(sp3)F and C(sp3)F2 groups are chem. indistinguishable in HT FCMs. Six models for the structure of C2F and C4F monolayers in LT FCMs are considered. The best agreement with spectroscopy and MNDO data is obtained using modified Yudanov-Gornostaev's model for C2F, in which alternating rows of graphitelike sp2 carbon fragments coexist with rows of bonded perfluorocyclohexane sp3 cells. For low-temp. C24F-C2F, elec. cond. and C1s and F1s XPS data are generalized and compn.-property diagrams are constructed. In this case, the cond., C1s and F1s XPS, and the interplanar distances in monolayers are explained using the concept of planarity of CxF monolayers and the ensuing ideas of semi-ionic and semicovalent C=F bonds. For C4F · yA-C2F · zA compns., 13C and 19F NMR data, C1s and F1s XPS, and IR data are accounted for by the predominant sp3 nature of the structure-forming C=F bonds.
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11. Characterization of perfluoropolymers using solid state 19F MAS NMR spectroscopy 
By Tatsuno, Hiroto; Ando, Shinji 
From Kobunshi Ronbunshu (2003), 60(4), 145-157. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS 
A review on solid state 19F MAS NMR studies on fluoropolymers including PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA), etc.
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12. Fluorine-19 NMR of solids containing both fluorine and hydrogen 
By Ando, Shinji; Harris, Robin K.; Scheler, Ulrich 
Edited by Grant, David M.; Harris, Robin K 
From Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2002), 9, 531-550. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review. Special problems, special techniques, and exptl. requirements for. Cross polarization dynamics between 1H and 19F in fluoropolymers, fluorinated org. compds., fluorinated organometallic compds., metal coordination compds., and fluorinated inorg. compds. are discussed.
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13. Industrial applications of diffusion NMR to polymer problems 
By McCord, E. F.; Dai, H.; Vega, A. J.; Lozada, E. U.; Vargeson, J. 
From Polymer Preprints (American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry) (2003), 44(1), 291-292. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review. NMR methods can be used to measure diffusion coeffs. (and thus the size/shape of mols.) through the use of Fourier-transform pulsed gradient spin echo (FT-PGSE) NMR. The diffusion coeff. can be related to the effective mol. wt. and/or the binding activity of each component of the mixt. NMR diffusion expts. can give information on a wide variety of chem. systems of industrial importance. A no. of examples are discussed, including resoln. of complex mixts. into individual component spectra according to their mol. wt., detn. of the effects of mixt. components on diffusion rates in polymer spinning, detg. success of polymer grafting reactions, measurement of elec. cond. and transference nos. of polymers/oligomers for battery applications, studying comonomer content as a function of mol. wt., and diffusion-imaging in Nafion- membranes for fuel cells. In many cases diffusion NMR can provide information that is difficult to obtain in any other way.
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14. NMR study of solid polymers 
By Scheler, Ulrich 
Edited by Duer, Melinda J 
From Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy (2002), 483-511. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review emphasizing solid-state NMR. The following topics are considered: structure of polymers, polymer dynamics, phase sepn. of polymers, oriented polymers, and fluoropolymers.
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15. Synthesis and characterization of fluoro-modified polyurethane 
By Luo, Xiangdong; Xu, Jian; Tang, Wenhong; Dai, Xinhua; Zhang, Xiaoli 
From Gaofenzi Tongbao (2001), (4), 57-62. Language: Chinese, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 30 refs. on the prepn. and characterization of fluoro-modified polyurethanes by NMR, mol. wt., intrinsic viscosity, and glass temp. measurements, IR spectra, and other methods.
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16. Triple resonance multidimensional solution NMR of fluoropolymers: Problems, solutions, and results 
By Rinaldi, Peter L.; Assemat, Olivier; Li, Lan 
From Polymer Preprints (American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry) (2001), 42(1), 9-10. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 3 refs. Combined use of high-field 1H/13C/19F triple resonance and multidimensional NMR methods provides enormous spectral dispersion, permitting the extn. of detailed structural information about fluoropolymers. It is possible to use new techniques to surmount the difficulties encountered, esp. when the work is performed on spectrometers with resonance frequencies above 500 MHz.
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17. Synthesis and properties of perfluorinated polyimides 
By Ando, Shinji; Matsuura, Tohru; Sasaki, Shigekuni 
Edited by Hougham, Gareth 
From Fluoropolymers (1999), 2, 277-303. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
Following a review (50 refs.) on optical fibers and the prepn. and characterization of perfluorinated diamines and dianhydrides new results are presented with respect to synthesis and properties of the corresponding perfluorinated polyimides. Novel perfluorinated polyimides were synthesized from newly prepd. 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxylictrifluorophenoxy)tetrafluorobenzene dianhydride (10FEDA) and several perfluorinated arom. diamines. To generate high mol. wt. perfluorinated poly(amic acid)s, the reactivities of 5 diamines and their monoacyl derivs. were estd. before from end group contents (19F NMR) of the corresponding poly(amic acid), 15N and 1H NMR shifts, and calcd. ionization potentials. The perfluorinated polyimides synthesized from 10FEDA and 3 (out of the 5) selected diamines gave flexible films with glass transition temps. values >270° and with high transparencies at the wavelengths of optical communications (1.0-1.7 μm) with sufficient mech. strength. Their dielec. consts. and refractive indexes are as low as those of conventional fluorinated polyimides, and their in-plane/out-of-plane birefringence is low. These characteristics indicate that perfluorinated polyimides are promising materials for optical communication applications.
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18. A perspective on solid state microstructure in polytetrafluoroethylene 
By Davidson, Theodore; Gounder, Raj N.; Weber, David K.; Wecker, Sheldon M. 
Edited by Hougham, Gareth 
From Fluoropolymers (1999), 2, 3-23. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review, with 35 refs., on the solid-state microstructure of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), including as-polymd. PTFE, the effects of melting; polymer type, processing, and measurement methods; line-broadening for crystallite size and strain in wide-angle x-ray diffraction; morphol.; orientation measured from inverse pole figures; orientation measured by broad-line NMR; and IR dichroism.
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19. NMR spectroscopy in polymer science 
By Ando, I.; Kobayashi, M.; Kanekiyo, M.; Kuroki, S.; Ando, S.; Matsukawa, S.; Kurosu, H.; Yasunaga, H.; Amiya, S. 
Edited by Tanaka, Toyoichi 
From Experimental Methods in Polymer Science (2000), 261-493. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
An extended review with 301 refs. is given on principles and applications of NMR spectroscopy for structural and dynamic characterization of polymers. After a detailed overall survey of the basics of NMR (including NMR parameters, chem. shift and structure relationships, and basic NMR techniques) the following NMR methods are discussed: soln., solid-state, and spatial distance NMR as well as NMR imaging. Their applications to some polymer systems are exemplified: polymers in soln. (detn. of tacticity, sequence distribution, 1,2-glycol linkage, end groups, short branches, and polyene structure), solid polymers (investigations on polyethylene, polyoxymethylene, nylons, polyimides, fluoropolymers, blend polymers, and biopolymers, e.g. polypeptides, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins), multinuclei (incl. O and Si) solid-state NMR (structure and dynamics of polypyrrole, polysiloxane, polyglycine and glycylglycine peptides), polymer gels (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PMMA, poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), poly(acrylic acid), poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid), poly(γ-Me L-glutamate), and poly(vinyl alc.)), and imaging methods (e.g., diffusion in gels, stress-strain in gels, shrinkage of PMMA gels under d.c. elec. field, and shrinkage of PMMA gels contg. Mn2+). (c) 2000 Academic Press.
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20. Structure and dynamics of polymer colloidal systems from 1H- and 19F-NMR 
By Preuschen, J.; Rottstegge, J.; Spiess, H. W. 
From Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects (1999), 158(1-2), 89-95. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00135-1 
A review with 30 refs. on the application of NMR in studying polymer colloidal systems. Std. solid state NMR measurements in telechelic fluorocarbon polymer systems and in polymer films made of latex dispersions are presented. The self-organization process of the fluorocarbon polymer in soln. is studied with 19F-NMR. Phase behavior of polymer and surfactant in latex films is analyzed by 1H-NMR.
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21. Soluble polyimides containing alicyclic structures 
By Choi, Kil-Yeong; Yi, Mi Hie 
From Macromolecular Symposia (1999), 142(Advanced Polymeric Materials), 193-204. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 15 refs. is given on the authors prepn. of diamine monomers and polymers followed by data on soly. and phys. properties of the polyimides. A series of novel arom. diamines contg. kinked cycloalkane structures between 2 Ph rings were synthesized by HCl-catalyzed condensation reaction of excess aniline and corresponding cycloalkanone derivs. The structures of the diamines were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, and elemental anal. The polyimides were synthesized from the obtained diamines with various arom. dianhydrides by one-step polymn. in m-cresol. The polymn. was conducted for 6∼8 h with refluxing, which was enough to obtain the polymers with high mol. wt. The inherent viscosities of the resulting polyimides were in the range of 0.37∼1.66 dL/g. All polymers were readily sol. in common org. solvents such as chloroform, tetrachloroethane, dimethylacetamide, etc. and the glass transition temps. were obsd. at 290-372°. UV-visible spectra were obtained to measure the transparency of polymer films. Most of the polymers showed high transmission above 90% in the wavelength of 450∼600 nm.
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22. End groups in fluoropolymers 
By Pianca, Maurizio; Barchiesi, Emma; Esposto, Giuseppe; Radice, Stefano 
From Journal of Fluorine Chemistry (1999), 95(1-2), 71-84. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1139(98)00304-2 
IR and NMR spectroscopies are the most important techniques used to identify and quantify end groups in fluoropolymers. We review here some literature studies about the characterization of end groups in some fluoropolymers based on tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride and vinyl fluoride, adding the contribution of our investigation on the matter.
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23. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Perfluorinated ionomers as sol-gel polymerization templates for inorganic alkoxides 
By Mauritz, Kenneth A. 
From Materials Science & Engineering, C: Biomimetic Materials, Sensors and Systems (1998), C6(2,3), 121-133. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00042-3 
Mauritz et al. exploited the polar/nonpolar nanophase-sepd. morphologies of Nafion perfluorinated ionomer membranes, as well as a Nafion ionomeric precursor film, as interactive templates that are capable of directing the condensation polymns. of inorg. alkoxides and organoalkoxysilanes as well as the ultimate geometrical distribution of the inorg. oxide, or organically modified silicon oxide phases that result upon drying. A review with 36 refs. is given of the author's extensive studies involving the in-situ sol-gel reactions of the alkoxides of Si, Ti, Al, Zr, and organoalkoxysilanes, as well as their mixts. and 2 step reactions involving these monomers. Throughout this review, the author demonstrates how various spectroscopic (FTIR, 29Si solid state NMR, dielec. relaxation, pyrene fluorescence probe emission, UV absorption) microscopic, x-ray scattering, thermal (DSC, TGA, TGA-FTIR, DMA), mech. tensile, and gas permeation tools were employed to interrogate the structures and properties of these heterogeneous materials over a range of dimensional scales ranging from the mol. to the macroscopic. Importantly, the author established that these org./inorg. materials are indeed structured on the scale of nanometers. Methods of tailoring the energetic environment, or polarity, within the cluster domains by the insertion of inorg. oxide or organically modified silicate nanostructures are presented. Finally, the author discusses the potential for these nanocomposite membranes within a no. of areas including gas and liq. sepns. technol. as well as proton exchange membranes for fuel cell technol.
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24. Structural investigation of macromolecules using NMR spectroscopy in solution 
By Bagheri, M.; Fakhri, S.; Entezami, A. A. 
From Iranian Journal of Polymer Science & Technology (Persian Edition) (1995), 8(3), 203-220. Language: Persian, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 25 refs. discussed the characterization of polymer structural features by NMR spectroscopy. The studies undertaken comprise stereochem. configuration, geometrical isomerism, regioregularity, branching and copolymer structural features. Many polymers have been subjected to these studies, and for a concise review we have selected the following polymers: polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, and polystyrene (for stereochem. configuration studies); polybutadiene, and polyisoprene (for geometrical isomerism); polyvinyl fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride (in regioregularity); polyethylene (branching studies), and vinylidene chloride-isobutylene copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, and styrene-Me methacrylate copolymer (in copolymer structural features). The specific stereoregularity distribution of monomers can be deduced from interpretation of NMR spectra and its comparison with statistical propagation modes which gives a good vision upon polymers stereochem. and polymn. mechanism.
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25. Spectroscopic characterization of perfluorinated compounds 
By Martini, Giacomo; Ristori, Sandra 
From Trends in Physical Chemistry (1994), 4, 117-135. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 28 refs. on the work carried out in the authors' lab. on perfluorinated compds. with surfactant properties (PFS). The aggregation features of both long-chain perfluoroalkanoates (ammonium perfluorooctanoate in particular) and perfluoropolyethers are analyzed with direct spectroscopies such as NMR, nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion, small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering, and with spectroscopies requiring probe mols., such as ESR in continuous and pulsed wave. The properties of micellar systems, lamellar phases, and microemulsions are described.
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26. Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes: structure, properties and applications 
By Heitner-Wirguin, Carla 
From Journal of Membrane Science (1996), 120(1), 1-33. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/0376-7388(96)00155-X 
A review with 248 refs. discussed perfluorinated membranes, structure properties and applications. The properties and structure of these membranes were mainly studied by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), NMR, ESR conductance, and IR spectroscopy. Special attention has been dedicated to the solns. of these membranes and recasting of new films and composite ones. Applications in the field of fuel cells, alkali cells, electrolyzers and sensors are described.
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27. Study of molecular motion in Nafion-type membranes by ESR and NMR 
By Shteinshneider, N. Ya. 
From Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii (1996), 70(4), 741-746. Language: Russian, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 19 refs. on results and conclusions from ESR and NMR relaxation studies of mol. motion of paramagnetic probes and water mols. in Nafion-type membranes were qual. correlated.
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28. NMR spectroscopy of bulk perfluorinated ionomers and solutions: Information on structure and dynamics 
By Schlick, Shulamith; Gebel, Gerard 
Edited by Schlick, Shulamith 
From Ionomers (1996), 165-186. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 59 refs. summarizes 1H and 2H NMR studies on the perfluorinated ionomers used in membranes, NMR studies of the counterions, and the 19F NMR studies.
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29. Fluorine-19 magic-angle spinning NMR 
By Miller, Jack M. 
From Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1996), 28(3/4), 255-81. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS, DOI: 10.1016/0079-6565(95)01024-6 
A review with 68 refs. on magic-angle-spinning 19F NMR spectroscopy of inorg. fluorides, org. fluorides, and fluoropolymers.
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30. High-resolution fluorine-19 solid-state NMR of materials containing both fluorine and hydrogen 
By Harris, Robin K.; Carss, Steven A.; Chambers, Richard D.; Holstein, Peter; Minoja, Anna P.; Scheler, Ulrich 
From Bulletin of Magnetic Resonance (1995), 17(1-4, Proceedings of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance XIIth Meeting, Part 1), 37-45. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 24 refs. The authors demonstrate herein the feasibility and use of high-resoln. fluorine-19 magic angle spinning NMR for org. and organometallic fluorine-contg. solids which require high-power proton decoupling. Examples are given for fluoropolymer, fluorinated steroids, an organotin compd. and an adamantane deriv. fluorinated in side-chains. The influences of decoupler power and cross-polarization are discussed. Fluorine-fluorine spin exchange for a trifluorosteroid is illustrated. Spinning sidebands of tin satellites for tri-isobutyltin fluoride indicate an interplay between dipolar coupling, indirect coupling and shielding tensors. Spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame is explored for PVDF and the fluorinated adamantane, and triple-resonance 13C-{1H, 19F} spectra are shown for the latter.
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31. Multiple-pulse proton and fluorine-19 NMR techniques [for polymer systems] 
By Dybowski, Cecil 
Edited by Mathias, Lon. J 
From Solid State NMR Polym., [Proc. Annu. Chem. Conf. North Am. Solid State NMR Polym.], 3rd (1991), 1-21. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 32 refs. on the title technique in polymer characterization.
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32. The two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of macromolecules 
By Bovey, Frank A.; Mirau, Peter A. 
From Makromolekulare Chemie, Macromolecular Symposia (1990), 34(Magn. Reson. Polym.), 1-16. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 23 refs. on 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of polymers, with discussions on correlated and J-resolved spectroscopy; the techniques are illustrated for PMMA, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, and poly(propylene oxide).
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33. Determination of polymer chain microstructure by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 
By Majumdar, R. N.; Harwood, H. J. 
Edited by Mitchell, John, Jr 
From Appl. Polym. Anal. Charact. (1987), 423-99. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
A review with 148 refs. on the application of 19F NMR spectroscopy to compositional and microstructural studies of F-contg. homopolymers, terpolymers, polydienes, and chem. modified polymers, along with polymers with F-contg. end groups.
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34. Fluorine-19 NMR of fluorine-containing polymers 
By Ishigure, Keikichi 
From Bunseki Kiki (1976), 14(12), 610-23. Language: Japanese, Database: CAPLUS 
A review on 19F high-resoln. NMR of copolymers contg. F with 18 refs.
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35. High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high polymers 
By Patnaik, Birendra K. 
From Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research (1967), 26(10), 411-16. Language: English, Database: CAPLUS 
The results obtained in the N.M.R. anal. of vinyl polymers, polyolefins, polyethers, polyaldehydes, fluorine contg. polymers and copolymers, and polyesters were reviewed. 88 references.
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